The organization of this reading list matches the order items appear in the class introductions for each week.

In general, students should read each of the required readings and at least two additional items for each week. The purpose of these readings is to provide information and informed perspectives on the topics presented in class and discussed online in our discussion group. Discussion comments that reference the readings specifically and critically demonstrate effective reading.

Many items in this Online Reader Require a Username and Password. All members of the class should have the Username and Password for this semester delivered via email. If you need them, please email lombardi@lsu.edu. All items are available online except for the movies cited in the section on Sports and Society. These exist in most rental stores, Internet streaming sources, and many often appear and reappear on or regular television channels.

Governance | Finance | Race, Class, and Gender  | Sports and Society

GOVERNANCE

Governance I: Origins and Development of College Athletics Organization

                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least two in addition to the required items.

  Howard J. Savage, et. al. The Growth of College Athletics, American College Athletics (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929) pp. 13-33.

David Riesman and Reuel Denney. "Football in America: A Study in Culture Diffusion," American Quarterly (1951).

1. Joseph N. Crowley. In The Arena: The NCAA's First Century, Digital Edition, NCAA, 2006.
2. W. Burlette Carter. "The Age of Innocence: The First 25 Years of The National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1906 to 1931," Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law (2006).
3. Michael Oriard. "How the 60s Changed Big-Time College Football," Chronicle of Higher Education October30, 2009.
4. V. Barbara Bush, Cindy Castañeda, David E. Hardy, and Stephen G. Katsinas. "What the Numbers Say About Community Colleges and Athletics," New Directions for Community Colleges (2009)

Celebrating Institutional Tradition

5. 133 Years of Princeton Football [1869-2002]
6. Harvard Athletics: A Timeline of Tradition.
7. Indiana Hoosiers History.
8. Frederick Jackson Turner. "To the Alumni on Football" (1906), The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 9, 1986.
9. Hal A. Lawson and Alan G. Ingham. "Conflicting Ideologies Concerning the University and Intercollegiate Athletics: Harper and Hutchins at Chicago, 1892-1940," Journal of Sport History (1980).
10. Andrew Doyle. "Fighting Whiskey and 'Fighting Whiskey and Immorality' at Auburn. The Politics of Southern Football, 1919-1927," Southern Cultures (2004).

The Football Rules

11. The Rule Changes of Collegiate Football, 1893 thru 1912.
12. Scott A. McQuilkin and Ronald A. Smith. "The Rise and Fall of the Flying Wedge: Football's Most Controversial Play," Journal of Sport History (1993).
13. NCAA Playing Rules (Current by Sport).

Governance II: Controlling Intercollegiate Athletics

                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least two in addition to the required items.

Then

  C. W. Savage. "The Ohio Report on Athletics," Journal of Higher Education (1930).

  John M. Stalnaker. "Athletics," Journal of Higher Education (1933).

  Jesse Feiring Williams. "The Crucial Issue in American College Athletics," Journal of Higher Education (1949).

Now

  Robert D. Benford. "The College Sports Reform Movement: Reframing the Edutainment Industry," The Sociological Quarterly (2007).

1. A Call to Action: Reconnecting College Sports and Higher Education (Miami: John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, 2001).
2. Katie Thomas. "Call to Curb Athletic Spending Strikes Some as Unrealistic," [Re Knight Commission] New York Times, October 27, 2009.
3. Restoring the Balance: Dollars, Values, and the Future of College Sports (Miami: John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, 2010).
4. Robert Lipsyte. "From Discordant Notes, Reformers Hear One Song," New York Times, November 29, 2003.
5. George H. Hanford and Milton Greenberg. "We Should Speak the 'Awful Truth' About College Sports Or Does the Public Like the Status Quo?" The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 30, 2003.
6. Welch Suggs. "Swarthmore Kicks Football out of the College," The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 15, 2000.
7. Libby Sander. "Hofstra U. Is 2nd University in 2 Weeks to Drop Its Football Team," The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 3, 2009.
8. Libby Sander. "At What Price Football? As Some Programs Suit Up (and Others Disband), One Team's Early Success Could Be Instructive," The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 14, 2010.
9. Matthew J. Mitten, James L. Musselman, and Bruce W. Burton. "Targeted Reform of Commercialized Intercollegiate Athletics," San Diego Law Review (47:779, 2010).

University Control

10. W. H. Cowley. "Athletics in American Colleges," Journal of Higher Education (1930).
11. Joe Lapointe. "Trying to Skate Past A Hazing Scandal," New York Times, September 21, 2000.
12. Lawrence Biemiller. "St. Bonaventure U. President Resigns as Tumult Over Basketball Program Continues," The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 10, 2003.
13. Lisa Kihl and Tim Richardson. "'Fixing the Mess': A Grounded Theory of a Men's Basketball Coaching Staff's Suffering as a Result of Academic Corruption," Journal of Sport Management(23, 2009).
14. Libby Sander. "Report Faults Binghamton U. for Weak Oversight of Athletics," The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 11, 2010.
15. Skip Rozin. "A Win at What Cost? [SUNY Binghamton]," The Wall Street Journal, April 1, 2010.
16. University of Southern California. Public Infractions Report, NCAA, June 10, 2010.
17. Lynn Zinser. "U.S.C. Sports Receive Harsh Penalties," New York Times, June 11, 2010.
18. "Football Bowl Subdivision Coaches Salaries for 2010," USA Today, December 15, 2010.
19. Steve Wieberg and Steve Berkowitz "Assistant Football Coaches See Surge in Pay in Down Economy," USA Today, December 22, 2010.
20. David Moltz. "Pretending They Didn't Happen" [Penalty of vacating wins], Inside HigherEd, July 7, 2011.
21. Charles Robinson. "Renegade Miami Football Booster Spells out Illicit Benefits to Players," Yahoo! Sports, August 17, 2011. See also the following related articles By Dan Wetzel on the same date as above: "Why Miami Is in Trouble," and "Who Is Nevin Shapiro?"

Faculty Issues

22. S. M. Marco. "The Place of Intercollegiate Athletics in Higher Education: The Responsibility of the Faculty," Journal of Higher Education (1960).
23. Frank N. Gardner. "The Place of Intercollegiate Athletics in Higher Education: Hold that Tiger!" Journal of Higher Education (1960).
24. Marcus L. Plant. "The Place of Intercollegiate Athletics in Higher Education: Faculty Control," Journal of Higher Education (1961).
25. Robert H. Aronson. "Letter to president Lee Huntsman, University of Washington," The Seattle Times, March 16, 2004.
26. Angela Lumpkin. "A Call to Action for Faculty Regarding Intercollegiate Athletics," Phi Kappa Phi Forum (88/1).
27. Bradley David Ridpath. "Can the Faculty Reform Intercollegiate Athletics? A Past, Present, and Future Perspective," Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics (2008).
28. Jim Carty, John Heuser, and Nathan Fenno. "University of Michigan Athletes Steered to Professor," The Ann Arbor News, March 16, 2008.

Academic Issues

29. Erik Lords. "U. of Minnesota Levels Academic-Misconduct Charges Against 17 Former Athletes," The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 6, 2000.
30. William D. Mangold, Luann Bean, and Douglas Adams. "The Impact of Intercollegiate Athletics on Graduation Rates Among Major NCAA Division I Universities. Implications for College Persistence Theory and Practice," The Journal of Higher Education (2003).
31. Jere Longman. "An Athlete's Dangerous Experiment," New York Times, November 26, 2003.
32. Mark Schlabach. "Varsity Athletes Get Class Credit: Some Colleges Give Grades for Playing," Washington Post, August 26, 2004.
33. Welch Suggs. "Mellon Fund Tackles College Sports: New Project Focuses on Academic Requirements for Athletes and the Role of Coaches, The Chronicle of Higher Education, September 3, 2004.
34. Robert Andrew Powell. "Florida A&M Tries to Recover From Failed Bid," New York Times, October 9, 2004.
35. Paul D. Umbach, Megan M. Palmer, George D. Kuh, and Stephanie J. Hannah. "Intercollegiate Athletes and Effective Educational Practices: Winning Combination or Losing Effort?," Research in Higher Education (2006).
36. Doug Lederman. "College Sports: New Problem [high school diplomas]," Inside HigherEd, December 1, 2006.
37. Kathy Kurz, Jim Scannell, and Samantha Veeder. "Admissions, Athletics, and Financial Aid: How to Build a Strong Partnership among Each of These Areas," universitybusiness.com, January 2007.
38. David Moltz. "Righting the Ship," [APR] Inside Higher Ed, August 4, 2009.
39. Joy Gaston Gayles and Shouping Hu. "The Influence of Student Engagment and Sport Participation on College Outcomes Among Division I Student Athletes," The Journal of Higher Education (2009).
40. Allie Grasgreen. "Bar Raised for Athletic Eligibility," Inside HigherEd, August 12, 2011.
41. Allie Grasgreen. "Semi-Contact Sport" [Head Injuries, Ivy League], Inside HigherEd, July 29, 2011.

Governance III: Purpose, Function, and Cases

                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least two in addition to the required items.

John V. Lombardi, et al. The Sports Imperative in America's Research Universities, (University of Florida, 2003).

Craig Lambert. "The Professionalization of Ivy League Sports," "Continued", "Team Global", and "The Athlete Auction," Harvard Magazine (September-October 1997).

Getting the Players to Win

1. James L. Shulman and William G. Bowen. "How the Playing Field Is Encroaching on the Admissions Office," The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 26, 2001. For the full discussion see: The Admissions Game: Recruiting Male Athletes and the Implications of Selection, and New Players: The Recruitment and Admission of Women Athletes, in Shulman and Bowen, The Game of Life, College Sports and Educational Values (Princeton: Princeton University, 2001).
2. Dan Covell and Carol A. Barr. "The Ties that Bind: Presidential Involvement with the Development of NCAA Division I Eligibility Legislation," The Journal of Higher Education (72:4, 2001).
3. Bill Pennington. "The Athlete's Edge: A Series [Division III athletic recruiting]," New York Times (2005-2006).
4. Pete Thamel. "The Quick Fix Schools Where the Only Real Test Is Basketball," New York Times, February 25, 2006.
5. Doug Lederman, The Admissions Gap for Big-Time Athletes, Inside Higher Ed, December 29, 2008.
6. Doug Lederman. "Just Like Everyone Else? [Ivy League Sports]," Inside Higher Ed, December 16, 2009.
7. John Emerson, Rachelle Brooks, Claudia Youakim, Elaine Croft McKenzie, and a Mueggenburg. "Academic Performance and Athletic Retention within NCAA Division III. Does Institutional Selectivity Matter?" College Sports Project (Northwestern University, Mellon Foundation, 2010).
8. Erin Abbey-Pinegar. "The Need for a Global Amateurism Standard: International Student-Athlete: Issues and Controversies," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies (17:2, 2010).
9. Christian Grandzol, Susan Perlis, and Lois Draina. "Leadership Development of Team Captains in Collegiate Varsity Athletics," Journal of College Student Development (51:4, 2010).

Recruiting Students with Sports

10. Libby Sander. "The Chase: Athletics Raises a College From the Ground Up [Adrian College recruiting]," The Chronicle of Higher Education, September 16, 2008.
11. Travis Feezell. "Adding Football and the 'Uses' of Athletics at NCAA Division II and Division III Institutions," New Directions for Institutional Research (2009).
12. Devin G. Pope and Jaren C. Pope. "The Impact of College Sports Success on the Quantity and Quality of Student Applications," Southern Economic Journal (2009).
13. Libby Sander. "The Chase: For College Athletes, Recruiting Is a Fair (but Flawed) Game," The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 19, 2008.
14. Brian C. Root. "How the Promises of Riches in Collegiate Athletics Lead to the Compromised Long-Term Health of Student-Athletes: Why and How the NCAA Should Protect Its Student-Athletes' Health," Health Matrix (19:279, 2009).
15. Jeffrey J.R. Sundram. "The Downside of Success: How Increased Commercialism Could Cost the NCAA Its Biggest Antitrust Defense," Tulane Law Review (85:543, 2010).
16. Alan Schwarz. "As Injuries Rise, Scant Oversight of Helmet Safety," New York Times, October 20, 2010.

The States and Football

17. N.C.A.A. v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma, 468 U. S. 85 (1984).
18. "Payment for College Football Players in Nebraska," Harvard Journal on Legislation, (41:1, 2004).

Institutionalizing Governance

19. John V. Lombardi. A Model for Intercollegiate Athletics (original of following versions) "Sports Medicine," The Journal of the Association of Governing Boards of Universities & Colleges, (34:1, 1992) and "Control, Accountability Are Gator Achievements," The NCAA News, (28:32,1991).
20. Troy Buer. "Organizational Complexity: The Athletics Department and the University," New Directions for Higher Education (2009).
21. Libby Sander. "Broad-Based Athletics Departments Face Uncertain Future," The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 22, 2010.
22. "Governance," (University of Florida: NCAA Self Study, Certification, 1998).
23. "Governance and Commitment to Rules," (Princeton University: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1997-98).

The Rules

24. NCAA Division I Manual, 2010-2011..
    NCAA Division II Manual, 2010-2011..
    NCAA Division III Manual, 2010-2011..
25. Hickok Sports Site.

Other Issues Related to Governance

26. "Who Owns Baseball?" The New Yorker, April 16, 2001.
27. Paul Campos and Jonathan Chait. "We are (Always) the Champions: Why College Football's Dynasties Never Lose," Slate: Sports Nut, August 24, 2001.
28. Bill Pennington. "Play to Win, or Just to Play? N.C.A.A.'s Lowest Rung Split," The New York Times, May 25, 2003.

Top

FINANCE

Finance I: Introduction to Intercollegiate Sports Finance

                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least two in addition to the required items.

Howard J. Savage, et. al. "Extramural Relationships," American College Athletics (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929) pp. 190-222.

Arthur A. Fleisher III, Brian L. Goff, and Robert D. Tollison. "Economic Theory and the NCAA," The National Collegiate Athletic Association: A Study in Cartel Behavior (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992) pp. 17-34.

1. L. L. Jarvie. "Eliminating the Commercial Factor in Athletics," Journal of Higher Education, (10:1, 1939).

The Stadiums--Context

2. George P. Morris. "The Harvard Stadium," The Overland Monthly, May 1903.
3. Princeton: Palmer Stadium (1914-1997) History.
4. Princeton Stadium (1998).
5. UC California (Berkeley) Stadium.
6. Michigan Football Stadium History.
7. Florida Field.
8. College Gridirons: All Division 1-A College Football Stadiums.

The Stadiums--Finance

9. "Stadium Needs Push Debt in U.S. College Athletics to $1 Billion," Bloomberg, November 19, 2004.
10. Jonathan M. Orszag and Peter R. Orszag. "The Physical Capital Stock Used in Collegiate Athletics," NCAA, 2005.
11. David Moltz. "Good Seats, Hard Sell," Inside Higher Ed, September 22, 2009.
12. Kevin Clark. "At Long Last, the Sports Mortgage," The Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2009.
13. Billy Witz. "Rose Bowl Hopes to Bet Future on a Makeover," New York Times, December 31, 2009.
14. Alan Scher Zagier. "Colleges Offering 'Sports Mortgages'Programs Hope Top-seat Pricing Scores Revenue," Boston.com, February 31,2010.
15. Smantha Frank. "FAU Working on Financing for $74 Million Football Stadium," Palm Beach Post, May 17, 2010.
16. David Moltz. "A New, Empty Stadium [The University of Akron]," Inside Higher Ed, December 1, 2010.

Structure of College Sports Finance

17. John R. Thelin and Lawrence L. Wiseman. "Fiscal Fitness? The Peculiar Economics of Intercollegiate Athletics," The Old College Try: Balancing Academics and Athletics in Higher Education (Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, 1989).
18. Gilbert M. Gaul and Frank Fitzpatrick. "Rise of The Athletic Empires," Philadelphia Inquirer, October 24, 2001 (A Five Part Series),
    Part 1: "Corporate Sponsors and Boosters Fund an Athletic Juggernaut,"
    Part 2: "Women's Sports: The Ink Is Mostly Red,"
    Part 3: "Have Some Extra Money? Endow a Football Player,"
    Part 4: "Coaches in the Big Time Can Break the Bank,"
    Part 5: "On Campus, An Edifice Complex."

Money and the Conferences

19. Darren Everson. "The Big Ten: Down and Out?" The Wall Street Journal, September 2, 2009.
20. Pete Thamel. "Irish Rethinking Football Independence," New York Times, March 9, 2010.
21. Pete Thamel. "College Conferences Ponder Expansion, and Their Extinction," New York Times, April 19, 2010.

Money and the Coaches

22. Joan Vennochi. "A High Price for BC Glory," Boston Globe, December 1, 2005.
23. Russell Adams. "College Basketball Pay for Playoffs," The New York Times, March 11, 2006.
24. Steve Wieberg and Steve Berkowitz. "Missouri Shows How Schools Pay a Price for Football Success," [Coaching Cost] USA Today, November 10, 2009.
25. George Vecsey. "On Coaching Go-Round, It's Hop On, and Hold On," The New York Times, March 30, 2010.

Media Contracts

26. Lawrence M. Kahn. "Markets: Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports," The Journal of Economic Perspectives (2007).
27. Rita Price. "College Athletics: OSU Getting Richest Multimedia Contract," The Columbus Dispatch, March 30, 2009.
28. Steve Wieberg and Steve Berkowitz. "NCAA, Colleges Pushing the Advertisement Envelope with Sports Marketing," USA TODAY, April 5, 2009.
29. Mauricio Ferreira. "Within College Sports Through Hierarchical Choice Processes," Journal of Sport Management (2009).
30. "Ex-Quarterback Sues NCAA and Video-Game Company Over Alleged Misuse of Likenesses," The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 8, 2009.
31. William C. Rhoden. "A Lasting Image: Standing Up to the N.C.A.A. [Lawsuit]," The New York Times, July 22, 2009.

Certification and Finance

32. "Fiscal Integrity" (Princeton University: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1997-98)
33. "Fiscal Integrity" (University of Florida: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1998).
34. "Division I, Athletics Certification Self-Study Instrument," (Boston University, 2009-2010).

Finance II: The Income and Expenses of College Athletics

                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least two in addition to the required items.

Lombardi, et al. The Sports Imperative in America's Research Universities (University of Florida, 2003).

Frank Hodge and Lloyd Tanlu. "Finances and College Athletics," New Directions for Institutional Research (2009).

Welch Suggs. "Old Challenges and New Opportunities for Studying the Financial Aspects of Intercollegiate Athletics," New Directions for Institutional Research (2009).

Finding the Money to Compete

1. Welch Suggs. "Minnesota's Golden Gophers Face a Financial Hole," The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 7, 2002.
2. Current and Future Financial Challenges in Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Minnesota, 2002.
3. Intercollegiate Athletics at Rice University, 2004.
4. Welch Suggs. "Rice U. Considers Major Changes in Athletics as Report Identifies Host of Problems," The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 6, 2004.
5. Katie Thomas. "Rising Criticism as Rutgers Invests in Athletics," The New York Times, October 18, 2008.
6. Peter Applebome. "Lure of Big-Time Sports Propels Rutgers," The New York Times, October 19, 2008.
7. Welch Suggs. "Making Money--or Not--on College Sports," New Directions for Institutional Research (2009).
8. Doug Lederman. "Bad Time for Sports Overspending [Berkeley]," Inside Higher Ed, October 30, 2009.
9. David Moltz. "Seething Over Sports Subsidies," Inside Higher Ed, May 20, 2010.
10. "Report of the Chancellor's Committee on Intercollegiate Athletics [Berkeley]," July 6, 2010.
11. Curtis Eichelberger and Oliver Staley. "Rutgers Boosting Athletics at Expense of Academics Fails to Emulate Texas," Bloomberg, August 16, 2011.
    See also the related information from the same issue at:
    --- "Bloomberg Rankings, Public University Football Funding"
    --- "Bloomberg Rankings, Public University Sports Subsidies,"
    --- "Rutgers NCAA Finance Report,"
    --- "Rutgers AD Contract,"
    --- "Rutgers Football Coach Contract,"
    --- "Rutgers Women's Basketball Coach Contract."

When the Economy Goes Bad

12. Robert A. Baade, Robert W. Baumann and Victor A. Matheson. "Assessing the Economic Impact of College Football Games on Local Economies," Journal of Sports Economics (2008).
13. Joe Drape and Thayer Evans. "Financial Straits of Boosters Hit Athletic Programs," New York Times, October 21, 2008.
14. "College Sports Try to Fend Off Blitz From Economy," Associated Press--New York Times, November 15, 2008.
15. Libby Sander. "Athletics Programs Scramble to Streamline Budgets in Difficult Times," The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 30, 2009.
16. Brad Wolverton. "For Athletics, a Billion-Dollar Goal Line," The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 23, 2009.
17. Josh Keller. "For Berkeley's Sports Endowment, a Goal of $1-Billion," The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 23, 2009.
18. "Fund Raising for Athletics in 6 Major Conferences," The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 23, 2009.
    
19. Libby Sander. "Recession Clouds Future of Stanford's Storied Sports," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 13, 2009.

Operating the Programs

20. Welch Suggs. "Football's Have-Nots Contemplate Their Place in the NCAA," The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 30, 2000.
21. Welch Suggs. "Revenues and Expenses Continue to Rise for Athletics Departments, NCAA Finds," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 7, 2000.
22. Welch Suggs. "Female Athletes Thrive, but Budget Pressures Loom," The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 18, 2001.
23. Welch Suggs. "The Struggle to Stay Competitive in a Big-Time Conference, " The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 22, 2001.
24. Welch Suggs. "How Gears Turn at a Sports Factory," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 25, 2002.
25. Michael Sokolove. "Football Is a Sucker's Game," The New York Times, December 22, 2002.
26. Welch Suggs. "In Football, the Have-Nots Clash With the Haves," The Chronicle of Higher Education, September 5, 2003.
27. Selena Roberts. "Big Boosters Calling the Shots on Campus," The New York Times, January 2, 2005.
28. David Moltz. "No Money, No Problems?" Inside Higher Ed, May 29, 2009.
29. Jere Longman. "As Costs of Sports Rise, Students Balk at Fees," The New York Times, May 29, 2009.

The Sweatshop Controversy

30. Welch Suggs. "Abandoning Major Sponsorship Deal, Nike Plays Hardball Over Sweatshops," The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 12, 2000.
31. Martin Van der Werf. "Anti-Sweatshop Groups Find It Difficult to Turn Campus Idealism Into Real Change," The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 5, 2001.
32. Goldie Blumenstyk. "U. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Nike Agree on $28-Million Deal With Anti-Sweatshop Clause," The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 17, 2001.
33. Mark Drajem. "Notre Dame Says No to ‘Made in China’ on Fighting Irish Goods," Bloomberg, May 17, 2011.
34. Nike-University of Florida Contract (1999).

The Tournaments and Bowl Games

35. Joe Drape. "B.C.S. Formula Works Just Fine," The New York Times, December 11, 2001.
36. William C. Rhoden. "At Conference Tournaments, the Colleges Major in Money," The New York Times, March 15, 2003.
37. Richard Sandomir. "College Bowl Scene Is Flush With Corporate Dollars," The New York Times, December 28, 2004.
38. Brian Steinberg. "Marketing Madness. As the TV Audience Shrinks, Ad Spending for the Big Game Climbs," The [Wall Street] Journal Report: NCAA Basketball Tournament, March 14, 2005.
39. Determining a Champion on the Field: A Comprehensive Review of the BCS and Postseason College Football US Congress, 2005.
40. James L. Swofford, Franklin G. Mixon, and Trellis G. Green. "Can a Sub-Optimal Tournament Be Optimal when the Prize Can Be Collectively Consumed? The Case of College Football's National Championship," Applied Economics (2009).
41. Itay Fainmesser, Chaim Fershtman, and Neil Gandal. "A Consistent Weighted Ranking Scheme With an Application to NCAA College Football Rankings," Journal of Sports Economics (2009).
42. Brad Wolverton, Marisa López-Rivera and Ashley C. Killough. "A Powerful League Piles Up Its Advantages," The Chronicle of Higher Education,September 4, 2009.
43. Kevin O'Malley,. "Few Are Cheerleading for a College Football Playoff," The New York Times, September 6, 2009.
44. William C. Rhoden. "Business of Game Quells Thrill [Basketball]," The New York Times, March 21, 2010.
45. Brad Wolverton. "NCAA Agrees to $10.8-Billion Deal to Broadcast Its Men's Basketball Tournament," The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 22, 2010.
46. Michael McCann. "BCS May be Unpopular, but It's Unlikely to be Deemed Illegal," Sports Illustrated, December 9, 2010.
47. Michael A. McCann. "Antitrust, Governance, and Postseason College Football," Boston College Law Review (52:517, 2011).
48. Richard Sandomir. "Pac-10 Secures Rich Deals With Fox and ESPN," New York Times," May 3, 2011.
49. LIbby Sander. "For Pac-10's Smallest Programs, Rich TV Deal Offers a Glimpse of Self-Sufficiency," The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 5, 2011.

50. NCAA Data

    The NCAA produces a number of significant and very detailed reports on financial aspects of intercollegiate athletics. These data and analyses are posted on the NCAA website as:
    Finances of Intercollegiate Athletics, 2004-2010.

    The key current reports are as follows:

51. 2004-10 NCAA Revenues and Expenses of Division I Intercollegiate Athletics Programs.
52. The Impact of Reclassification from Division II to DI-AA and from Division I-AA to I-A on NCAA Member Institutions from 1993-2003.
53. The Empirical Effects of Collegiate Athletics: An Interim Report.
54. The Empirical Effects of Collegiate Athletics: An Update.
55. The Physical Capital Stock Used in Collegiate Athletics.
56. Bowl Championship Series: Five Year Summary of Revenue Distribution (2005-06 through 2009-10).
    Also in online reader And for previous reports see the:
57. Revenues and Expenses Archive.

Other Issues Related to Finance

58. Lawrence M. Kahn. "The Sports Business as a Labor Market Laboratory," The Journal of Economic Perspectives (2000).
59. William H. Honan. "Do Big-Money Sports Belong in College?" Education Life, New York Times, January 7, 2001.
60. Jennifer Lee. "College Football Ticket Prices: Schools' Strategies All over the Field," Street & Smith's SportsBusiness Journal, September 23-29, 2002.
61. Welch Suggs. "At Some Colleges, Students Tax Themselves to Pay for Sports, " The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 30, 2004.
62. John V. Lombardi. "The Enemy Is Us: Cost Reduction in College Sports," Inside Higher Ed--Reality Check (2005).
63. "2-Year College to Reinstate Teams," Inside Higher Ed, July 8, 2010.

Coaches

64. Howard J. Savage, et. al. "The Coach in College Athletics," American College Athletics (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929) p. 161-189.
65. Ronald A. Smith, ed. "The Preliminary Season, Big-Time Football at Harvard," The Diary of Coach Bill Reid (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1994) pp. 1-20.
66. Eddie Yost. "What Athletics Mean to Me," Journal of Educational Sociology (1955)
67. Francis T. Cullen, Edward J. Latessa, and Joseph P. Byrne. "Scandal and Reform in Collegiate Athletics: Implications from a National Survey of Head Football Coaches," Journal of Higher Education (1990).
68. "Legal Hoops," The Wall Street Journal, July 21, 2000.
69. Jennifer Jacobson. "Female Coaches Lag in Pay and Opportunities to Oversee Men's Teams," The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 8, 2001.
70. Jennifer Jacobson. "The Perks of Coaching," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 24, 2003.
71. Jason A. Martin. "When It Comes to Headlines, Winning Really is Everything," Newspaper Research Journal (30:4, 2009).

Top

RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER

Race, Class, and Gender I: Race and College Sports


                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least two in addition to the required items.

Howard J. Savage, et. al. "Athletic Participation and its Results," American College Athletics (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929) pp. 104-134.
Howard J. Savage, et. al. "The Recruiting and Subsidizing of Athletes," American College Athletics (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929) pp. 224-265.
David Riesman and Reuel Denney. "Football in America: A Study in Culture Diffusion," American Quarterly (1951).

1. Rufus E. Clement. "Racial Integration in the Field of Sports," Next Steps in Racial Desegregation in Education, Journal of Negro Education (1954).
2. Luther B. Otto and Duane F. Alwin. "Athletics, Aspirations, and Attainments," Sociology of Education (1977).
3. John C. Gaston. "The Destruction of the Young Black Male: The Impact of Popular Culture and Organized Sports," Journal of Black Studies (1986).
4. Clifford Adelman. Light and Shadows on College Athletes: College Transcripts and Labor Market History (Washington, D.C.: US Department of Education, GPO, 1990).
5. "African Americans in College Sports: Black Teams with White Coaches," The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (2000-2001).
6. "The Academic Performance of Black Student Athletes at Highly Ranked Universities," The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (2003).
7. John N. Singer. "Benefits and Detriments of African American Male Athletes' Participation in a Big-Time College Football Program," International Review for the Sociology of Sport (2008).
8. E. Bun Lee and Louis A. Browne. "African American Student Athletes and Sports Media Consumption," Journal of Black Studies (2009).
9. Eugenio Mercurio and Vincent F. Filak. "Roughing the Passer: The Framing of Black and White Quarterbacks Prior to the NFL Draft," Howard Journal of Communications (2010).
10. Jacob C. Day and Steve McDonald. "Not so Fast, My Friend: Social Capital and the Race Disparity in Promotions among College Football Coaches," Sociological Spectrum (2010).
11. Libby Sander. "In Recent Hiring Spree, Black Coaches Win Big--but Still Fall Short," The Chronical of Higher Education, January 29, 2010.

The Native American Symbol Controversy

12. Mark R. Connolly. "What's in a Name?: A Historical Look at Native American-Related Nicknames and Symbols at Three U.S. Universities," The Journal of Higher Education (2000).
13. Charles Fruehling Springwood and C. Richard King. "'Playing Indian': Why Native American Mascots Must End," The Chronicle of Higher Education, Opinion, November 9, 2001.
14. Lindsay Bosslett. "NCAA Treads Warily in North Dakota,[Native American Mascot]," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 21, 2002.
15. C. Richard King. "Borrowing Power. Racial Metaphors and Pseudo-Indian Mascots," The New Centennial Review (2004).
16. Eric Wills. "Pride or Prejudice? Some Colleges Back Away from Using American Indian Names and Mascots for Athletics Teams, While Others Defend Them," The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 3, 2005.
17. Joseph J. Hemmer, Jr. "Exploitation of American Indian Symbols: A First Amendment Analysis," American Indian Quarterly (2008).
18. Joe Barrett. "University Loses Sioux Mascot War," The Wall Street Journal, April 4, 2010.

Race, Class, and Gender II: The Title IX Revolution

                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least three in addition to the required items.

Howard J. Savage, et. al. "Athletic Participation and its Results," American College Athletics (New York: Carnegie Foundationfor the Advancement of Teaching, 1929) pp. 104-134.

1. Wikipedia Article on Women's Sports.
2. The American Sports Council website.
 

3. Welch Suggs. "Duke U. Discriminated Against Female Football Player, Jury Finds," The Chronicle of Higher Education (October 13, 2000).
4. John R. Thelin. "Good Sports? Historical Perspective on the Political Economy of Intercollegiate Athletics in the Era of Title IX, 1972-1997," The Journal of Higher Education (2000).
5. Tami M. Videon. "Who Plays and Who Benefits: Gender, Interscholastic Athletics, and Academic Outcomes," Sociological Perspectives, Gender and Sports (2002).
6. Lindsay Bosslett. "Rejecting Punitive Damages in Title IX Cases, Appeals Court Overturns $2-Million Award to Female Kicker," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 19, 2002.
7. Karen Blumenthal. "Title IX's Next Hurdle. Three Decades After Its Passage, Rule That Leveled Field for Girls Faces Test From Administration," The Wall Street Journal, July 6, 2005; see also accompanying table.
8. Victoria Carty. "Textual Portrayals of Female Athletes Liberation or Nuanced Forms of Patriarchy?" Frontiers (26:2, 2005).
9. Alexa C. Mignano, Britton W. Brewer, Christa Winter, and Judy L. Van Raalte. "Athletic Identity and Student Involvement of Female Athletes at NCAA Division III Women's and Coeducational Colleges," Journal of College Student Development (2006).
10. Marie Hardin, Julie E. Dodd, and Kimberly Lauffer. "Passing It On: The Reinforcement of Male Hegemony in Sports Journalism Textbooks," Mass Communication and Society (2006).
11. Deborah J. Anderson, John J. Cheslock, and Ronald G. Ehrenberg. "Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Athletics: Determinants of Title IX Compliance," The Journal of Higher Education (2006).
12. Kelly P. Troutman and Mikaela J. Dufur. "From High School Jocks to College Grads: Assessing the Long-Term Effects of High School Sport Participation on Females' Educational Attainment," Youth Society (2007).
13. Cynthia Fabrizio Pelak. "The Relationship Between Sexist Naming Practices and Athletic Opportunities at Colleges and Universities in the Southern United States," Sociology of Education (2008).
14. Sally R. Ross and Kimberly J. Shinew "Perspectives of Women College Athletes on Sport and Gender," Sex Roles (2008).
15. Steph MacKay and Christine Dallaire. "Campus Newspaper Coverage of Varsity Sports: Getting Closer to Equitable and Sports-related Representations of Female Athletes?" International Review for the Sociology of Sport (2009).
16. Laura J. Burton, Carol A. Barr, Janet S. Fink, and Jennifer E. Bruening. "'Think Athletic Director, Think Masculine?': Examination of the Gender Typing of Managerial Subroles Within Athletic Administration Positions," Sex Roles (61, 2009).
17. Cheryl Cooky. "'Girls Just Aren't Interested': The Social Construction of Interest in Girls' Sport," Sociological Perspectives (52:2, 2009).
18. Amanda Ross Edwards. "Why Sport? The Development of Sport as a Policy Issue in Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972," The Journal of Policy History (22:3, 2010).
19. Katie Thomas. "No Tackling, but a Girls' Sport Takes Some Hits [Flag Football]," The New York Times, May 15, 2010.
20. Alice Dreger. "Sex Typing for Sport," Hastings Center Report (2010).
21. Thomas J. Aicher and Michael Sagas. "Are Head Coaches in Intercollegiate Athletics Perceived as Masculine? An Evaluation of Gender Stereotypes, and the Effect of Sexism on Intercollegiate Coaches," Gender Issues (27, 2010).
22. James Card. "Gone Fishing on Scholarship, With Hopes of Turning Pro," Inside Higher Ed, June 22, 2010.
23. Katie Thomas. "College Team Teaches a Lesson in Acceptance [Gender Roles]," The New York Times (2010).
24. Laura Grindstaff and Emily West. "'Hands on Hips, Smiles on Lips!' Gender, Race, and the Performance of Spirit in Cheerleading," Text and Performance Quarterly (2010).
25. Betsey Stevenson. "Beyond the Classroom: Using Title IX to Measure the Return to High School Sports," The Review of Economics and Statistics (2010).
26. Curtis Eichelberger. "Women Basketball Loses Money for Colleges on High Salaries." Bloomberg April 1, 2011.
27. Katie Thomas. "Long Fights for Sports Equity, Even With a Law," New York Times, July 28, 2011.
28. Commitment to Equity (University of Florida: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1998).
29. Commitment to Equity (Princeton University: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1997-98).

Race, Class, and Gender III: Competition and Equity

                         =  Required Reading:
Read at least four of the following items.
                       

1. John R. Thelin. "Good Sports? Historical Perspective on the Political Economy of Intercollegiate Athletics in the Era of Title IX, 1972-1997," The Journal of Higher Education (2000).
2. Welch Suggs. "For Top Women's Basketball Players, the Ideal Practice Includes Men, " The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 23, 2001.
3. "International Student-Athlete Issues," Sports Law Letter and by the Book Compliance Alert (Holland & Knight, LLP) April 27, 2001.
4. Dana Mulhauser. "NCAA Cracks Down on Foreign Athletes, While Urging Members to Relax Rules," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 12, 2001.
5. Welch Suggs. "Cutting the Field," The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 6, 2003.
6. Welch Suggs. "The Recruits," The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 3, 2003.
7. Bill Finley. "College Basketball Preview: Coaches Aim to Recruit for Today; Players Have Eyes on Tomorrow," New York Times, November 30, 2003.
8. Thomas McLaughlin. "'Man to Man': Basketball, Movement, and the Practice of Masculinity," The South Atlantic Quarterly, (2004).
9. Amy Merrick. "Stepping Stone. Pro Basketball Isn't Necessarily the Ultimate Goal for Most Women College Players," The [Wall Street] Journal Report: NCAA Basketball Tournament, March 14, 2005.
10. Eli Saslow. "Turning Promise Into a Commodity: Nigerians Who Dream of Playing Pro Basketball Often Become Pawns in an Unregulated International Market," The Washington Post, January 29, 2006.
11. Linda Jean Carpenter and R. Vivian Acosta. Women in Intercollegiate Sport: A Longitudinal, National Study Twenty Nine Year Update, 1977 - 2006 (National Association for Girls and Women in Sport, 2006).
12. Ian S.C. Patrick, Daniel F. Mahony, and Joseph M. Petrosko. "Distributive Justice in Intercollegiate Athletics: An Examination of Equality, Revenue Production, and Need," Journal of Sport Management (2008).
13. Joel Millman. "These Days, Everybody's All-American Just May Be a Haitian," The Wall Street Journal, December 4, 2009.
14. Scott Jaschik. "Transgender Athletes, College Teams," Inside Higher Ed, October 5, 2010.
 

15. Commitment to Equity (Princeton University: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1997-98).
16. Commitment to Equity (University of Florida: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1998)

Other Issues Related to Race, Class, and Gender

Race

17. Jeffrey T. Sammons. "'Race' and Sport: A Critical, Historical Examination," Journal of Sport History (1994).
18. Neil J. Sullivan. "Baseball and Race: The Limits of Competition," Journal of Negro History (1998).
19. Welch Suggs. "For Black Americans, Better Than a Bowl Game," The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 20, 2000.
20. Tamela McNulty Eitle and David J. Eitle. "Race, Cultural Capital, and the Educational Effects of Participation in Sports," Sociology of Education (2002).
21. David C. Ogden. "The Welcome Theory: An Approach to Studying African American Youth Interest and Involvement in Baseball," Nine (2004).
22. Dylan A. T. Miner. "Provocations on Sneakers: The Multiple Significations of Athletic Shoes, Sport, Race, and Masculinity," The New Centennial Review (2009).
23. Thomas Aiello "The Heritage Fallacy: Race, Loyalty, and the First Grambling-Southern Football Game," History of Education Quarterly (50:4, 2010).

Women

24. Jane English. "Sex Equality in Sports," Philosophy and Public Affairs (1978).
25. James Fallows. "Throwing Like a Girl," The Atlantic Monthly (1996).
26. Elizabeth Crowley. "Title IX Levels Playing Field," The Wall Street Journal, June 22, 2000.
27. Welch Suggs. "Left Behind," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 26, 2001.
28. Selena Roberts. "Two-Way Street When It Comes to Scholarships," The New York Times, December 25, 2002.
29. Joy L. Gaston-Gayles. "Examining Academic and Athletic Motivation Among Student Athletes at a Division I University," Journal of College Student Development (2004).
30. Jo Ann M. Buysse and Melissa Sheridan Embser-Herbert. "Constructions of Gender in Sport: An Analysis of Intercollegiate Media Guide Cover Photographs," Gender and Society (2004).
31. Jerome Quarterman, Aimee D. Dupreé, and Kimberly Pettaway Willis. "Challenges Confronting Female Intercollegiate Athletic Directors of NCAA Member Institutions by Division," College Student Journal (2006).
32. Michael Weinreb. "Playing for Fun, and Little Else, on Football's Edge," The New York Times, July 18, 2006.
33. Carol Paik. "A Few Things I Know about Softball," Fourth Genre (2007).
34. Bob Gorman. "All-American Girls: Photoessay,[women's professional baseball league]," Nine (2007).
35. Jennifer E. Bruening and Marlene A. Dixon. "Situating Work-Family Negotiations Within a Life Course Perspective: Insights on the Gendered Experiences of NCAA Division I Head Coaching Mothers," Sex Roles (2008).
36. Jere Longman. "UConn Women Are Good for the Game," The New York Times, March 15, 2010.
37. Barren Everson. "How Should We Feel About UConn? As the Huskies Dominate the NCAA Tournament, Some Wonder-Is the Women's Game Broken?" The Wall Street Journal, April 1, 2010.
38. Charles L. Kennedy. "A New Frontier For Women's Sports (Beyond Title IX)," Gender Issues (27, 2010).
39. 1981-82 -- 2008-09 NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Report (2010)
40. Race and Gender Demographics: NCAA Member Conferences' Personnel Report -- 2008-09, NCAA (2010).
41. Race and Gender Demographics: Member Institutions' Personnel Report -- 2008-09 (2010), NCAA (2010).
42. Student-Athlete Ethnicity Report -- 1999-2000; 2008-09, NCAA (2010).

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SPORTS AND SOCIETY

Sports and Society I:; The Culture of Winning and the Amateur Athlete

                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least two in addition to the required items.

Howard J. Savage, et. al. "The Press and College Athletics," American College Athletics (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929) pp. 266-290.

1. Welch Suggs. "The NCAA Debates the Meaning of Amateurism," The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 11, 2000.
2. "Pay for Play Resurfaces, But NCAA Still Opposed," The NCAA News, March 17, 2003.
3. Allen St. John. "The BMOC Strategy. The Secret To Winning The NCAA Championship: Pin Your Hopes on the Star," The [Wall Street] Journal Report: NCAA Basketball Tournament, March 14, 2005.
4. Stefan Fatsis. "Where Are They Now? Their Tournament Is Over," The [Wall Street] Journal Report: NCAA Basketball Tournament, March 14, 2005.
5. Michael S. Harris. "Message in a Bottle: University Advertising During Bowl Games," Innovation in Higher Education (2009).
6. Daniel I. Rees and Kevin T. Schnepel. "College Football Games and Crime," Journal of Sports Economics (2009).
7. Neal Johnson. "NCAA 'Point Shaving' as an Artifact of the Regression Effect and the Lack of Tie Games," Journal of Sports Economics (2009).
8. Matthew P. McAllister. "Hypercommercialism, Televisuality, and the Changing Nature of College Sports Sponsorship," American Behavioral Scientist (53, 2010).
9. Daniel A. Griffith "An Analytical Perspective on Sporting Events Attendance: The 2007-2008 US NCAA College Bowl Games," Applied Geography (30, 2010).
10. Allen Sack. "Ralph Nader and ‘Pay for Play’," Inside HigherEd, April 15, 2011.

Sports and Society II: Colleges and Sports

                         =  Required Reading:
Read at least four of the following items.
                       

1. "The Education-Athletics Nonsense: A Proposal for Severing the Connection between Higher Education and Competitive Sports," Journal of Higher Education, (1963).
2. George A. Drake. "Small-College Sports, Big-Time Athletics, and the Yawning Chasm Between the Two," The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 18, 1987.
3. Robert E. McCormick and Maurice. "Athletics versus Academics? Evidence from SAT Scores," The Journal of Political Economy (1987).
4. Peter Monaghan. "Sociologists' Look at Big-Time Basketball Depicts a World in Which Players' Academic Goals Are Subverted," The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 6, 1991.
5. Allen L. Sack. "Big-Time Athletics vs. Academic Values: It's a Rout," The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 26, 2001.
6. Welch Suggs. "Report Documents Poor Academic Performance of Athletes at New England Liberal-Arts Colleges," The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 17, 2001.
7. John V. Lombardi. "Preserving the Audience: The NCAA and the APR," Inside Higher Ed--Reality Check,, 2005.
8. Stefan Fatsis. "Way Station: Prep Schools Increasingly Prepare Players for Division I Competition. But Do They Prepare Them for Life Beyond The Game?" The [Wall Street] Journal Report: NCAA Basketball Tournament, March 14, 2005.
9. Welch Suggs. "The Role of Sports in Small-College Life. Mellon Foundation Project Encourages Colleges to 'integrate' Athletes with Other Students," The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 8, 2005.
10. Ron Grossman. "$6 Million Center Tutors Jocks Only U. Of I., Other Colleges Draw Faculty, Student Criticism for Spending So Much on So Few," chicagotribune.com, November 28, 2008.
11. Darin H. Van Tassell. "From the Dugout to the Classroom: Why Good Baseball Coaches Have Much to Offer Good Professors," Nine (2008).
12. Mark Krein and Tom Weir. "If You Build It, They Will Come: Developing a Sports Media Major," Journal of Sports Media (2008).
13. Bill Pennington. "Open Membership: Rise of College Club Teams Creates a Whole New Level of Success," The New York Times, December 3, 2008.
14. Aaron Clopton. "Students as Spectators: Their Academic and Social Integration," New Directions for Higher Education (2009).
15. Brian Fisher. "Athletics Success and Institutional Rankings," New Directions for Higher Education (2009).
16. Eric Anctil. "Institutional Advancement and Spectator Sports: The Importance of Television," New Directions for Higher Education (2009).
17. D. Randall Smith. "College Football and Student Quality: An Advertising Effect or Culture and Tradition?" American Journal of Economics and Sociology (2009).
18. Jeffrey J. Fountain and Peter S. Finley. "Academic Majors of Upperclassmen Football Players in the Atlantic CoastConference: An Analysis of Academic Clustering Comparing White and Minority Players," Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics (2009).
19. David Moltz. "Looking to Sports to Bolster Enrollments," Inside Higher Ed, January 21, 2009.
20. David Moltz. "Cut and Run Athletics [APR]," Inside Higher Ed, May 1, 2009.
21. Darren Everson. "Can the Ivy League Get Its Game Back? Lackluster Teams Prompt Calls For Change; A New Chief's Listening Tour," The Wall Street Journal, May 29, 2009.
22. James L.W. Houle, Britton W. Brewer, and Annette S. Kluck. "Developmental Trends in Athletic Identity: A Two-Part Retrospective Study," Journal of Sport Behavior, 33:2, 2010)
23. David Moltz. "A Moving Goalpost," Inside Higher Ed, July 15, 2010.
24. Graduation and Academic Success--NCAA Data
 

25. Academic Integrity (Princeton University: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1997-98).
26. Academic Integrity (University of Florida: NCAA Self-Study, Certification 1998).

Sports and Society III: Values, Fairness, and Culture

                         =  Required Reading
                        Read at least two in addition to the required items.

Howard J. Savage, et. al. "Values in American College Athletics," American College Athletics (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1929) pp. 291-311.

David Starr Jordan. "Football: Battle or Sport?" The Pacific Monthly, (1908).

1. John R. Tunis. "Education and Ethics: The Effect of Organized Sports on the Moral Tone of the Nation," Journal of Higher Education (1961).
2. Albert J. Figone. "Gambling and College Basketball: The Scandal of 1951," Journal of Sport History (16, 1989).
3. Tim Layden. "Bettor Education," Sports Illustrated, April 3, 1995.
4. Tim Layden. "Book Smart," Sports Illustrated, April 10, 1995.
5. Tim Layden. "You Bet Your Life," Sports Illustrated, April 17, 1995.
6. Steven W. Pope. "An Army of Athletes: Playing Fields, Battlefields, and the American Military Sporting Experience, 1890-1920," The Journal of Military History (1995).
7. Steven L. Oster and Terry J. Knapp. "Sports Betting by College Students: Who Bets and How Often?" College Student Journal (June 1998).
8. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht. "Epiphany of Form: On the Beauty of Team Sports," New Literary History (1999).
9. Welch Suggs. "U. of Michigan Study Documents Gambling Among College Referees," The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 28, 2000.
10. Welch Suggs. "In Memphis, Top Athletes Leave Town Fast," The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 31, 2001.
11. Jere Longman. "A Town Where Football Is the Glue and the Hope," New York Times, November 23, 2001.
12. Lisa E. Wolf-Wendel, J. Douglas Toma, and Christopher C. Morphew. "There's No 'I' in 'Team': Lessons from Athletics on Community Building," The Review of Higher Education (2001).
13. Tracy J. R. Collins. "Reflections on Teaching Sports Literature in the Academy," Pedagogy (2003).
14. Jennifer Jacobson. "Sports Gambling by Athletes Is a Widespread Problem, NCAA Study Finds," The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 13, 2004.
15. Dayna B. Daniels. "You Throw Like a Girl: Sport and Misogyny on the Silver Screen," Film and History (2005).
16. Ron Briley. "Basketball's Great White Hope and Ronald Reagan's America: Hoosiers (1986)," Film and History (2005).
17. Danille Christensen Lindquist. "Locating the Nation: Football Game Day and American Dreams in Central Ohio," Journal of American Folklore (2006).
18. Peter J. Schroedera and Jay Paredes Scribner. "'To Honor and Glorify God': The Role of Religion in One Intercollegiate Athletics," Culture, Sport, Education and Society (2006).
19. Peter Kaufman and Eli A. Wolff. "Playing and Protesting: Sport as a Vehicle for Social Change," Journal of Sport and Social Issues (2010).

On Sports Movies

20. Andrew C. Miller. "The American Dream Goes to College: The Cinematic Student Athletes of College Football," The Journal of Popular Culture (43:6, 2010).
21. PIGSKIN PARADE (1936)
22. THE BIG GAME (1936)
23. KNUTE ROCKNE - ALL AMERICAN (1940)
24. FATHER WAS A FULLBACK (1949)
25. JIM THORPE, ALL AMERICAN (1951)
26. THE BASKETBALL FIX (1951)
27. HOOSIERS (1986)
28. JOCKS (1986)
29. BULL DURHAM (1988)
30. NESSARY ROUGHNESS (1991)
31. THE PROGRAM (1993)
32. RUDY (1993)
33. A LEAGUE OF THEIR OWN (1993)
34. HOOP DREAMS (1994)
35. BLUE CHIPS (1994)
36. THE AIR UP THERE (1994)
37. THE BASKETBALL DIARIES (1995)
38. THE SIXTH MAN (1997)
39. THE WATERBOY (1998)
40. HE GOT GAME (1998)
41. VARSITY BLUES (1999)
42. LOVE AND BASKETBALL (2000)
43. REMEMBER THE TITANS (2000)
44. RITES OF AUTUMN: 100 YEARS OF COLLEGE GRIDIRON HISTORY (2001)
45. GLORY ROAD (2006)
46. WE ARE MARSHALL (2006)
47. FRIDAY NIGHT LIGHTS (2004) MOVIE
48. FRIDAY NIGHT LIGHTS (2006-10) TV SERIES
49. LEATHERHEADS (2008)
50. THE EXPRESS (2008)
51. THE BLIND SIDE (2009)

Other Issues Related to Sports and Society

52. Avinash Dixit. "Strategic Behavior in Contests, " The American Economic Review (1987).
53. James E. Long and Steven B. Caudill. "The Impact of Participation in Intercollegiate Athletics on Income and Graduation," The Review of Economics and Statistics (1991).
54. Jennifer Jacobson. "How Much Sports Is Too Much?" The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2002.
55. Eric Hoover. "Reading and Rioting," The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 13, 2002.
56. Richard A. Wolfe and Daniel S. Putler. "How Tight Are the Ties That Bind Stakeholder Groups?" Organization Science (2002).
57. Robert H. Frank. "Challenging the Myth: A Review of the Links Among College Athletic Success, Student Quality, and Donations" (Prepared for the Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics, May, 2004).
58. Selena Roberts. "Auburn Trustee Boosts Everyone, Including the Chaplain," New York Times, January 3, 2005.
59. David Armstrong. "Winning by Losing. Small Universities Have Found a Way to Raise their Profiles: Become Division I Independents," The [Wall Street] Journal Report: NCAA Basketball Tournament, March 14, 2005
60. Kimberly Jenkins Marshall. "Recent University Marching Band Recordings," Journal of American Folklore (2007).
61. Jack Stripling. "Bands Gone Wild," Inside Higher Ed, October 7, 2008.
62. P. Brian Greenwood and Michael A. Kanters. "Talented Male Athletes: Exemplary Character or Questionable Characters?" Journal of Sport Behavior (32:3, 2009).
63. David Biderman. "11 Minutes of Action," The Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2010.

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